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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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RASOR: an advanced instrument for soft x-ray reflectivity and diffraction.

T A W Beale1, T P A Hase, T Iida

  • 1Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|August 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A new soft x-ray diffractometer, RASOR, has been built for single crystal diffraction and thin film reflectivity studies. Initial tests show its potential for advanced materials research at Diamond Light Source.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • X-ray Optics

Background:

  • Advanced characterization techniques are crucial for understanding material properties.
  • Soft X-ray diffraction offers unique insights into electronic and magnetic structures.
  • Existing instrumentation may have limitations in specific experimental regimes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the design and construction of a novel soft x-ray diffractometer.
  • To establish a versatile instrument for general user access at Diamond Light Source.
  • To enable studies in single crystal diffraction and thin film reflectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Installation of a new instrument, RASOR, at Diamond Light Source.
  • The diffractometer features a limited three-circle goniometer (theta, 2theta, chi) with a removable phi stage.
  • Equipped with a liquid helium cryostat and post-scatter polarization analysis for advanced measurements.

Main Results:

  • Successful design and construction of the RASOR soft x-ray diffractometer.
  • Demonstration of precise sample positioning and beam alignment capabilities.
  • Initial test measurements confirm the instrument's functionality and potential.

Conclusions:

  • The RASOR instrument is a valuable new tool for soft x-ray diffraction studies.
  • It provides enhanced capabilities for single crystal and thin film analysis.
  • The instrument is ready for general user access, advancing materials research.