Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Operons

Operons

Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by a repressor...

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA (thiogalactoside...

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide (Glucotrol),...

Production of Antibiotics

Production of Antibiotics

Penicillin, one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics, is produced industrially by the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Large stirred-tank bioreactors ranging from tens to hundreds of thousands of liters maintain tightly controlled temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen conditions to support fungal metabolism and maximize antibiotic yield. Penicillin is a secondary metabolite, synthesized primarily during the stationary growth phase, which requires a carefully managed...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Editing strigolactone biosynthesis genes in tomato reveals novel phenotypic effects and highlights D27 as a breeding target for parasitic weed resistance.

Plant & cell physiology·2026

Same author

Spatially distinct regulation of strigolactone exudation by phosphate and phytohormones in rice.

Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB·2026

Same author

Acid ceramidase overactivity drives ceramide loss, leading to atopic dry skin and Th2-skewed immune polarization.

The Journal of pathology·2026

Same author

High-Energy Emulsified Clove Essential Oil Nanoemulsion as a Natural Herbicidal Product: Germination Suppression and Seed Structure Alteration in <i>Echinochloa crus-galli</i>.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Herbicidal Activity of the Invasive Weed <i>Malachra capitata</i> L.: Growth Stage Dependence, Bioassay-Guided Fractionation, and Physiological Effects on Seed Germination.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Dawn of a new era for parasitic plant biology.

Plant & cell physiology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Published on: February 24, 2026

The strigolactone story.

Xiaonan Xie¹, Kaori Yoneyama, Koichi Yoneyama

¹Weed Science Center, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan. xie@cc.utsunomiya-u.ac.jp

Annual Review of Phytopathology

|August 7, 2010

Summary

Strigolactones (SLs) are plant compounds initially seen as harmful but now recognized for crucial roles in symbiotic fungi interactions and as plant hormones inhibiting shoot branching.

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Biochemistry
Ecology

Background:

Strigolactones (SLs) were first identified in root exudates as germination stimulants for parasitic weeds.
Initially considered detrimental to host plants, SLs' role in plant-microbe interactions was later discovered.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the multifaceted roles of strigolactones in plant biology.
To highlight SLs' functions beyond parasitic plant germination, including symbiosis and hormonal activity.

Main Methods:

Isolation and identification of strigolactones from plant root exudates.
Studies on the effects of SLs on parasitic plant germination.
Investigation of SLs' role in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization.
Analysis of SLs as plant hormones regulating shoot branching.

More Related Videos

A Flexible Low Cost Hydroponic System for Assessing Plant Responses to Small Molecules in Sterile Conditions

A Flexible Low Cost Hydroponic System for Assessing Plant Responses to Small Molecules in Sterile Conditions

Published on: August 25, 2018

A Modified Co-Culture System for Understanding Granulosa-Theca Cell Interactions in the Bovine Ovary

A Modified Co-Culture System for Understanding Granulosa-Theca Cell Interactions in the Bovine Ovary

Published on: September 19, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Site-Specific Lysine Lactylation via Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli and Mammalian Cells

Published on: February 24, 2026

A Flexible Low Cost Hydroponic System for Assessing Plant Responses to Small Molecules in Sterile Conditions

A Flexible Low Cost Hydroponic System for Assessing Plant Responses to Small Molecules in Sterile Conditions

Published on: August 25, 2018

A Modified Co-Culture System for Understanding Granulosa-Theca Cell Interactions in the Bovine Ovary

A Modified Co-Culture System for Understanding Granulosa-Theca Cell Interactions in the Bovine Ovary

Published on: September 19, 2025

Main Results:

SLs stimulate germination of parasitic weeds like Striga and Orobanche.
SLs are essential signals for symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi root colonization.
SLs function as a novel class of plant hormones that inhibit shoot branching.

Conclusions:

Strigolactones are versatile signaling molecules with dual roles in plant interactions.
SLs are crucial for both defense against parasitic plants and beneficial symbiotic relationships.
The discovery of SLs as plant hormones opens new avenues for understanding plant growth and development.