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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides
08:39

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

Published on: September 16, 2020

Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant peptides.

Milagros Rocha1, Antonio Hernandez-Mijares, Katherinne Garcia-Malpartida

  • 1University Hospital Doctor Peset Foundation, Avda Gaspar Aguilar 90, 46017, Valencia, Spain.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|August 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to disease. Novel Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptides target mitochondria, scavenging ROS and preventing cell death, showing promise for treating related disorders.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides
08:39

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

Published on: September 16, 2020

Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment
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Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment

Published on: September 25, 2017

Fluorescence-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Superoxide Levels Using Live Imaging in HeLa Cells
06:57

Fluorescence-Based Quantification of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Superoxide Levels Using Live Imaging in HeLa Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Oxidative stress
  • Antioxidant research

Background:

  • Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria is implicated in various pathophysiologic conditions.
  • Existing antioxidants are often ineffective due to poor targeting to mitochondria, the primary source of ROS.
  • Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction contribute significantly to cell pathologies and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of mitochondria-targeted antioxidants for preventing oxidative damage.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of novel Szeto-Schiller (SS) peptide antioxidants in scavenging mitochondrial ROS.

Main Methods:

  • Development of SS peptides designed for targeted delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
  • Assessment of SS peptide activity in scavenging hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite.
  • Evaluation of SS peptide effects on lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial permeability transition, and cytochrome c release.

Main Results:

  • SS peptides effectively scavenge key reactive oxygen species and inhibit lipid peroxidation.
  • These peptides reduce mitochondrial ROS, preventing mitochondrial permeability transition and cytochrome c release.
  • SS peptides demonstrate potential in preventing oxidant-induced cell death.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondria-targeted SS peptide antioxidants offer a novel therapeutic strategy against mitochondrial oxidative damage.
  • Preclinical studies indicate efficacy in conditions like ischemia-reperfusion injury and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • SS peptides represent promising drug candidates for treating diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.