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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

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Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
07:08

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants

Published on: March 6, 2018

Obesogens.

Felix Grün1

  • 1Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2280, USA. fgrun@uci.edu

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|August 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental obesogens, or chemical pollutants, can disrupt metabolic processes and promote obesity. Research highlights tributyltin and other compounds as potential obesogens, urging a re-evaluation of obesity risk factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Environmental Health
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • The environmental obesogen hypothesis suggests chemical pollutants disrupt metabolic homeostasis, leading to obesity.
  • These pollutants can alter appetite, lipid metabolism, and adipocyte development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental evidence on candidate obesogens targeting nuclear hormone receptors.
  • To examine the link between pollutant exposure, gene regulation, and adipogenic phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on tributyltin (TBT) as a model obesogen.
  • Review of studies on other suspected obesogens like bisphenol A, phthalates, PBDEs, and perfluorinated compounds.

Main Results:

  • Tributyltin demonstrates a high-affinity nuclear hormone receptor-mediated mechanism affecting adipocyte biology.
  • Evidence suggests TBT can induce long-term obesogenic changes with epidemiological relevance.
  • Other endocrine-disrupting chemicals corroborate principles of obesogen action.

Conclusions:

  • Man-made obesogenic pollutants pose significant risks to human health.
  • Further research is needed to understand the full impact of these pollutants.
  • A re-evaluation of obesity risk factors is necessary in light of obesogenic pollutants.