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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice
07:14

Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice

Published on: May 23, 2025

Leptomeningeal metastasis.

Marc C Chamberlain1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Neuro-Oncology Program, Seattle, Wisconsin, USA. chambemc@u.washington.edu

Current Opinion in Oncology
|August 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing leptomeningeal metastasis requires considering it in cancer patients with neurological symptoms. Treatment, including radiation and chemotherapy, can stabilize patients but is palliative.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Leptomeningeal metastasis affects 3-5% of cancer patients.
  • It involves cancer spread to the brain and spinal cord linings.
  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review contemporary methods for diagnosing leptomeningeal metastasis.
  • To summarize current treatment strategies for leptomeningeal metastasis.
  • To provide an overview of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic and treatment methods.
  • Analysis of diagnostic imaging techniques like MRI and CSF flow studies.
  • Review of therapeutic modalities including radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

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A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease
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A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease

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Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
05:55

Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Published on: May 7, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice
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Minimally Invasive Cisterna Magna Injection Model for Leptomeningeal Metastasis Studies in Mice

Published on: May 23, 2025

A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease
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A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease

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Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
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Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

Published on: May 7, 2020

Main Results:

  • High index of suspicion is key for diagnosis in cancer patients with neurological signs.
  • Contrast-enhanced MRI and CSF flow studies aid diagnosis.
  • Treatment involves radiotherapy, intra-CSF chemotherapy, and systemic therapy, with high-dose systemic therapy showing promise.

Conclusions:

  • Leptomeningeal metastasis treatment is palliative, with a median survival of 2-3 months.
  • Therapies can stabilize neurological condition and prevent further deterioration.
  • Novel agents like monoclonal antibodies are emerging in treatment regimens.