Directing the morphology and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells using oriented cellulose nanowhiskers

Radially oriented submonolayer surfaces of 10-15 nm diameter cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) were prepared by spin-coating. The response of myoblasts (muscle cells) to the surfaces was assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), immunocytochemistry, and image analysis. Despite the small size of the CNWs, the myoblasts oriented along the CNW surfaces. Upon differentiation, the myoblasts produced striking radial patterns of myotubes, following the radial pattern of the CNWs. This facile method of nanopatterning surfaces may be applied where the directed growth of tissue is required and shows for the first time the potential of CNWs for tissue engineering applications.