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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
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Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
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Transcranial sonography in depression.

Milija D Mijajlovic1

  • 1Institute of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Serbia.

International Review of Neurobiology
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Reduced brainstem raphe echogenicity detected by transcranial sonography is a key indicator of unipolar depression. This finding is also observed in depression linked to Parkinson

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Transcranial sonography (TCS) assesses brain tissue echogenicity through the intact skull.
  • Altered brainstem raphe (BR) echogenicity is noted in specific neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify characteristic findings of BR echogenicity in various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
  • To explore the potential link between BR echogenicity and the pathogenesis of depression.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transcranial sonography to evaluate brainstem raphe echogenicity.
  • Compared findings across patient groups including unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease (with and without depression).

Main Results:

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  • Reduced BR echogenicity was a characteristic finding in unipolar depression and depression associated with Parkinson's or Wilson's disease.
  • This reduction was generally absent in healthy adults, bipolar affective disorders, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease without depression.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced BR echogenicity is a potential neuroimaging biomarker for unipolar depression and related conditions.
  • Further research, potentially involving MRI, is needed to elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, possibly involving the basal limbic system.