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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
08:25

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Contact hypersensitivity: Animal tests.

T Maurer1, A Arthur, P Bentley

  • 1Ciba-Geigy Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, Preclinical Safety, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.

Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reviews predictive animal skin sensitization tests, focusing on OECD and EC guidelines. It emphasizes the importance of in-house validation for accurately predicting chemical sensitizing potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Dermatology
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • Overview of predictive animal skin sensitization tests.
  • Historical development and recent changes (last 2 years) in testing guidelines.
  • Influence of factors like induction concentration and vehicle on contact allergy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Discuss recommended Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Commission (EC) tests.
  • Compare screening strategies between Europe and the USA.
  • Highlight the significance of in-house validation for predictive accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of general aspects and historical development of predictive animal skin sensitization tests.
  • Discussion of OECD and EC recommended tests.
  • Analysis of factors influencing induction and elicitation of contact allergy.
  • Consideration of screening strategy differences.

Main Results:

  • Identified key factors influencing predictive test outcomes, including induction concentration and vehicle choice.
  • Highlighted differences in screening approaches between major regulatory regions.
  • Emphasized the need for robust validation of testing methodologies.

Conclusions:

  • In-house validation is crucial for reliable prediction of chemical sensitizing potential.
  • Further development and consideration of predictive in vitro tests are warranted.
  • Standardized approaches and validation are key for regulatory acceptance.