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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets
09:09

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

Published on: April 18, 2016

Dendritic cells: are they clinically relevant?

Karolina Palucka1, Hideki Ueno, Lee Roberts

  • 1Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA. karolinp@baylorhealth.edu

Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.)
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer vaccines using dendritic cells (DCs) show promise but face challenges from immunosuppressive cells. Novel DC vaccine strategies are needed to enhance adaptive immunity and overcome tumor microenvironment barriers for better patient outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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A Simple and Efficient Method for Testing Immunomodulatory Agents for Generation of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Human CD14+ Monocytes
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Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Recent clinical trials demonstrate a resurgence in cancer vaccines, showing promising immunologic data and clinical benefits.
  • Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have achieved durable tumor regressions in some patients, highlighting their therapeutic potential.
  • Current DC vaccine efficacy is limited by immunosuppressive cells like myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, hindering effector cell generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines against cancer.
  • To develop novel strategies that enhance adaptive anti-cancer immunity.
  • To overcome immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting current knowledge of distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets and their activation pathways.
  • Designing novel DC vaccines based on subset-specific functions.
  • Investigating combination therapies with antibodies or drugs targeting suppressor pathways.

Main Results:

  • Distinct DC subsets and activation pathways can generate unique adaptive immune responses.
  • Novel DC vaccines hold potential for monotherapy in resected disease.
  • Combination strategies may benefit patients with metastatic disease by modulating the tumor environment.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding distinct DC subsets and activation pathways is critical for designing improved cancer vaccines.
  • Novel DC vaccines offer a promising avenue to boost adaptive immunity and overcome tumor-induced suppression.
  • Future applications include monotherapy and combination treatments targeting the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.