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Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...

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Quantification of Self Pollution from Two Diesel School Buses using Three Independent Methods.

L-J Sally Liu1, Harish C Phuleria, Whitney Webber

  • 1Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.

Atmospheric Environment (Oxford, England : 1994)
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

School bus self-pollution (SP) was quantified using three methods. Crankcase emissions were the dominant SP source, especially with windows closed, contributing significantly to in-cabin particulate matter (PM).

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Air Quality Research
  • Transportation Emissions

Background:

  • School buses contribute to air pollution, impacting passenger health.
  • Understanding self-pollution (SP) within buses is crucial for assessing exposure.
  • Particulate matter (PM) and its constituents are key indicators of air quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify self-pollution (SP) inside school buses using multiple methods.
  • To identify the primary sources of SP, specifically tailpipe and crankcase emissions.
  • To compare the effectiveness of different monitoring techniques for in-cabin air quality.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring of particulate matter (PM) and constituents (EC/OC, particle counts) inside buses and a lead vehicle (LV).
  • Utilized three distinct methods: dual tracers (DT), lead vehicle (LV), and chemical mass balance (CMB).
  • Collected source samples from tailpipe and crankcase emissions using an on-board dilution tunnel.

Main Results:

  • In-cabin PM concentrations were higher than in the LV.
  • Dual tracer (DT) method estimated significant contributions from tailpipe (1.1 µg/m³) and crankcase (6.8 µg/m³) emissions.
  • Crankcase emissions were identified as the dominant SP source, particularly with windows closed.

Conclusions:

  • Three independent methods confirmed significant self-pollution (SP) in school buses.
  • Crankcase emissions represent the major contributor to in-cabin particulate matter (PM).
  • Further calibration of lead vehicle (LV) measurements is needed for precise SP quantification.