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Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Protein Dynamics in Living Cells01:19

Protein Dynamics in Living Cells

Different fluorescence-based techniques are used to study the protein dynamics in living cells. These techniques include FRAP, FRET, and PET.
Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a fluorescent-protein-based detection technique used to quantify protein movement rates within the cell. This method exposes a small portion of the cell to an intense laser beam. The laser beam causes permanent photobleaching of the fluorophore-tagged proteins in the exposed region. As the bleached...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Dynamic Light-Induced Protein Patterns at Model Membranes
07:10

Dynamic Light-Induced Protein Patterns at Model Membranes

Published on: February 23, 2024

Reversible photoswitching of protein function.

Frank Erdmann1, Yixin Zhang

  • 1Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.

Molecular Biosystems
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are exploring light-activated drugs to control protein activity in living systems. This review focuses on light-switchable drugs for regulating immune system signaling proteins, detailing their benefits and challenges.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Controlling protein activity with external stimuli is crucial for biological research.
  • Light offers precise temporal and spatial control over molecular processes.
  • The immune system's signaling pathways are complex and vital for health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in using light to modulate protein activity.
  • To specifically discuss light-switchable drugs for immune system signaling.
  • To highlight the advantages and future challenges of this technology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent developments in optogenetics and photopharmacology.
  • Focus on light-switchable drugs targeting immune signaling proteins.

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Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
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Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

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Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons
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Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Published on: March 28, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Dynamic Light-Induced Protein Patterns at Model Membranes
07:10

Dynamic Light-Induced Protein Patterns at Model Membranes

Published on: February 23, 2024

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development
09:32

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

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Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons
08:20

Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Published on: March 28, 2016

  • Analysis of advantages and future research directions.

    • Main Results:

    • Light-tunable protein activity is a promising tool for temporal control in biological systems.
    • Light-switchable drugs offer precise regulation of signaling pathways.
    • Recent progress has been made in developing such drugs for immunological applications.

    Conclusions:

    • Light-based protein activity modulation, particularly with switchable drugs, presents significant potential for controlling biological processes.
    • Further research is needed to overcome challenges and fully realize the therapeutic potential in the immune system.