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Related Concept Videos

Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining, normally used to...
Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining, normally used to...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
10:49

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: September 18, 2011

Cervical spondylotic amyotrophy.

Sheng-Dan Jiang1, Lei-Sheng Jiang, Li-Yang Dai

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, 200092 Shanghai, China.

European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society
|August 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cervical spondylotic amyotrophy causes upper limb muscle weakness due to spinal cord issues. Surgical outcomes are better for proximal-type than distal-type cases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
10:49

Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: September 18, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Spine Surgery
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Cervical spondylotic amyotrophy presents as upper limb muscle weakness and atrophy.
  • Pathophysiology involves selective ventral root/anterior horn damage or anterior horn cell vascular insufficiency.
  • It is classified into proximal-type and distal-type based on affected muscle groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatment of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy.
  • To compare surgical outcomes between proximal-type and distal-type cervical spondylotic amyotrophy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cervical spondylotic amyotrophy.
  • Analysis of proposed pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Review of surgical management options including anterior decompression, fusion, laminoplasty, and foraminotomy.

Main Results:

  • Cervical spondylotic amyotrophy affects upper limb muscles without sensory or lower limb involvement.
  • Two proposed mechanisms: selective nerve damage or vascular insufficiency.
  • Surgical outcomes are inferior for distal-type compared to proximal-type patients.

Conclusions:

  • Cervical spondylotic amyotrophy is a challenging condition for spine surgeons, despite its self-limited course.
  • Surgical treatment methods remain controversial.
  • Proximal-type cervical spondylotic amyotrophy generally has better surgical outcomes than distal-type.