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Related Concept Videos

Uterine Tubes01:16

Uterine Tubes

The uterine or fallopian tubes function as the conduit through which oocytes travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Each fallopian tube measures approximately 10 to 13 cm long and is anatomically divided into the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and interstitial part (or intramural segment). The infundibulum is characterized by its funnel shape and features extensions called fimbriae which reach towards the peritoneal cavity. These fimbriae play a critical role during ovulation as they extend...
Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract01:31

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...
Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes01:28

Tracheostomy: Procedure and Tubes

A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that creates an artificial opening into the trachea, typically at the second or third cartilaginous ring level. This opening allows the insertion of a tracheostomy tube, which can replace an endotracheal tube, provide mechanical ventilation, bypass an upper airway obstruction, or remove accumulated tracheobronchial secretions.
Tracheostomy tubes can be made of semiflexible plastic (polyurethane or silicone), rigid plastic, or metal, and they come in...
The Respiratory System01:16

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
Exocrine Glands: Unicellular and Multicellular Glands01:29

Exocrine Glands: Unicellular and Multicellular Glands

Exocrine glands are classified as unicellular and multicellular. The unicellular glands are scattered single cells, such as goblet cells, found in the mucous membranes of the small and large intestines. On the other hand, multicellular exocrine glands develop as secretory sheets, like the internal lining of the abdomen or chest. Such secretory sheets release their secretions directly into the lumen of these organs. In addition, some multicellular glands have deep-seated secretory units to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

DUCT: Double Resin Casting followed by Micro-Computed Tomography for 3D Liver Analysis
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DUCT: Double Resin Casting followed by Micro-Computed Tomography for 3D Liver Analysis

Published on: September 28, 2021

Articulated tubes.

Linda A Amos1

  • 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. laa@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk

Structure (London, England : 1993)
|August 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-resolution electron microscopy reveals how versatile loops in microtubules enable structural integrity. These interactions allow microtubules to possess strength without brittleness, regardless of protofilament number or curvature.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

DUCT: Double Resin Casting followed by Micro-Computed Tomography for 3D Liver Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Structural biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal polymers with diverse cellular roles.
  • Their structural properties, including curvature and stability, are critical for function.
  • Previous studies lacked high-resolution structural data on microtubules with varying protofilament numbers.

Discussion:

  • The study presents high-quality electron microscopy reconstructions of microtubules.
  • These images reveal microtubules with varying protofilament numbers and distinct curvatures.
  • The findings elucidate the structural basis for microtubule mechanical properties.

Key Insights:

  • Three specific loops mediate lateral interactions between microtubule protofilaments.
  • These loops are crucial for maintaining microtubule strength.
  • Microtubules exhibit remarkable resilience, avoiding brittleness due to these interactions.

Outlook:

  • Further investigation into the dynamics of these versatile loops could reveal novel regulatory mechanisms.
  • Understanding these structural-loop interactions may inform the design of new biomaterials.
  • This research provides a foundation for exploring microtubule mechanics in various biological contexts.