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Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

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Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity

Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity

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Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
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Tonsillitis II: Management

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

Published on: April 2, 2014

Pragmatic scoring system for pharyngitis in low-resource settings.

Laure Joachim¹, Dioclecio Campos, Pierre R Smeesters

¹Department of Pediatrics, Queen Fabiola Unversity Children's Hospital, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.

|August 11, 2010

Summary

A new clinical scoring system can significantly reduce unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions for childhood pharyngitis in low-resource settings. This approach improves antibiotic stewardship by identifying infections not caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS).

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

Published on: April 2, 2014

Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Infectious Diseases
Clinical Decision Support

Background:

Pharyngitis is a common childhood illness often treated with antibiotics.
Over-prescription of antimicrobials contributes to antimicrobial resistance, particularly in low-resource settings.
Effective clinical tools are needed to guide appropriate antibiotic use for pharyngitis.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a simple, safe, and pragmatic clinical scoring system for pharyngitis.
To reduce unnecessary antimicrobial treatment in resource-limited environments.
To improve antibiotic stewardship in pediatric care.

Main Methods:

Prospective enrollment of children with pharyngitis in Brazil.
Clinicians used a new scoring system and rapid antigen detection tests (RADT).
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis assessed the clinical decision rule's performance against RADT and throat cultures for group A Streptococcus (GAS).

Main Results:

The study included 576 children, with 400 having non-GAS pharyngitis.
The new clinical decision rule demonstrated 88% specificity for non-GAS infections.
Implementing this rule could lead to a 35% to 55% reduction in antibiotic prescriptions.

Conclusions:

The developed clinical decision rule effectively identifies children who do not require antibiotic treatment for pharyngitis.
This tool offers a significant opportunity to decrease unnecessary antibiotic use in low-resource settings.
Improved diagnostic strategies are crucial for combating antimicrobial resistance.