Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Phase 3 Trial of Brepocitinib in Dermatomyositis.

The New England journal of medicine·2026
Same author

Clostridioides difficile TcdB induces expression of its receptor (CSPG4) through a noncanonical Hippo signaling mechanism.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Human <i>C. difficile</i>-specific memory B cells encode protective IgG1 despite predominance of non-neutralizing antibodies.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Protocol to measure the impact of Clostridioides difficile toxins on antibody responses using ELISA, ELISPOT, and toxin-neutralization assays.

STAR protocols·2025
Same author

A sequence invariable region in TcdB2 is required for toxin escape from <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>.

Journal of bacteriology·2024
Same author

Clostridioides difficile toxin B subverts germinal center and antibody recall responses by stimulating a drug-treatable CXCR4-dependent mechanism.

Cell reports·2024
Same journal

Providers' Perspectives on Hospital-Based Tobacco Treatment Efforts.

The American journal of the medical sciences·2026
Same journal

In Memoriam: Maurice A. Mufson, MD, MACP.

The American journal of the medical sciences·2026
Same journal

Outcomes of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit within 100 days of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

The American journal of the medical sciences·2026
Same journal

Association Between Reverse Triiodothyronine and Cardiac Complications in Patients with Uncontrolled Graves' Disease.

The American journal of the medical sciences·2026
Same journal

Chlorthalidone vs. hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension management: Lessons for guiding clinical practice.

The American journal of the medical sciences·2026
Same journal

The impact of COVID-19 on alcohol-associated hepatitis and alcohol-associated cirrhosis.

The American journal of the medical sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Clostridium difficile infection.

Latisha Heinlen1, Jimmy D Ballard

  • 1Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|August 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridium difficile infection is a growing concern, causing severe hospital-acquired diarrhea. A new hypervirulent strain (BI/NAP1/027) increases risks, necessitating updated knowledge on virulence, disease, and treatment.

More Related Videos

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
11:13

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Published on: September 14, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
07:06

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection

Published on: December 8, 2014

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
11:13

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Published on: September 14, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a primary cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in Europe and North America.
  • This pathogen is reemerging, with recent outbreaks causing increased morbidity and mortality.
  • A new hypervirulent strain (BI/NAP1/027) produces more toxin than older strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on Clostridium difficile.
  • To discuss virulence factors, human disease manifestations, and epidemic outbreaks.
  • To outline optimal treatment strategies for Clostridium difficile infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on Clostridium difficile.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on incidence and outbreaks.
  • Synthesis of information on virulence, pathogenesis, and clinical management.

Main Results:

  • Clostridium difficile infections are increasing, affecting new populations.
  • The BI/NAP1/027 strain is associated with heightened virulence and severity.
  • Changes in epidemiology indicate a broader at-risk population.

Conclusions:

  • Updated understanding of Clostridium difficile is crucial for effective management.
  • Addressing virulence, epidemiology, and treatment is essential to combat this reemerging pathogen.
  • Clinicians need to be aware of evolving C. difficile characteristics and patient risk factors.