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Related Concept Videos

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins01:21

Cell Polarization by Rho Proteins

Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or "prometaphase,"...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

RhoC GTPase Activation Assay
09:58

RhoC GTPase Activation Assay

Published on: August 22, 2010

RhoA and RhoC are both required for the ROCK II-dependent promotion of centrosome duplication.

M Kanai1, M S Crowe, Y Zheng

  • 1Molecular Oncology Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.

Oncogene
|August 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)-cyclin E activates Rho-associated kinase II (ROCK II) for centrosome duplication. RhoA and RhoC isoforms are essential for this process, promoting cell division and preventing amplification.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

RhoC GTPase Activation Assay
09:58

RhoC GTPase Activation Assay

Published on: August 22, 2010

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes
09:39

Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay to Measure the Variation in Protein Levels at Centrosomes

Published on: December 20, 2014

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Centrosome duplication is a critical process for cell division.
  • CDK2-cyclin E is known to trigger centrosome duplication.
  • Nucleophosmin (NPM/B23) is a target of CDK2-cyclin E and plays a role in this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of different Rho GTPase isoforms in the activation of ROCK II during centrosome duplication.
  • To determine which Rho isoforms are required for the initiation of centrosome duplication.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the involvement of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC isoforms in ROCK II activation.
  • Assessed the requirement of specific Rho isoforms for centrosome duplication initiation.
  • Examined the effects of RhoA and RhoC overactivation on centrosome duplication and amplification.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorylated NPM/B23 by CDK2-cyclin E binds and superactivates ROCK II.
  • RhoA and RhoC isoforms, but not RhoB, are required for ROCK II activation and centrosome duplication initiation.
  • Overactivation of RhoA and RhoC promotes centrosome duplication and centrosome amplification.

Conclusions:

  • RhoA and RhoC are key regulators of ROCK II activity, essential for initiating centrosome duplication.
  • The RhoA/ROCK II and RhoC/ROCK II pathways are critical for proper cell division.
  • Dysregulation of RhoA or RhoC can lead to centrosome amplification, a hallmark of cancer.