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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
11:24

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation

Published on: July 3, 2015

Long-term cellular effects in humans chronically exposed to ionizing radiation.

Galina Veremeyeva1, Igor Akushevich, Tatyana Pochukhailova

  • 1Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, 68-a Vorovsky St., 454076, Chelyabinsk, Russia. gveremeyeva@gmail.com

Health Physics
|August 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Chronic radiation exposure from the Mayak Nuclear Facility caused severe hematopoietic injury in radiosensitive individuals. These individuals showed persistent genomic instability and exhausted anti-oxidative stress mechanisms years after exposure.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation
11:24

Measuring DNA Damage and Repair in Mouse Splenocytes After Chronic In Vivo Exposure to Very Low Doses of Beta- and Gamma-Radiation

Published on: July 3, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Radiation Biology
  • Hematology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Residents of Techa riverside villages experienced chronic radiation exposure due to Mayak Nuclear Facility activities.
  • Late effects of chronic, low-dose radiation exposure on hematopoietic system require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hematopoietic injury and recovery in chronically irradiated Techa riverside villagers.
  • To evaluate late effects of chronic, low-dose radiation exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Collected whole blood samples from 338 unexposed and 692 exposed individuals.
  • Measured chromosome aberrations, somatic mutations (TP53 gene, CD3-CD4+cells), and biochemical markers (Cu/Zn-SOD, nitric oxide) in lymphocytes.
  • Utilized the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS) 2000 for dose assessment (mean cumulative dose 0.62 Gy).

Main Results:

  • Individuals with prior leucopenia/chronic radiation syndrome (CRS) showed increased micronuclei, dicentric chromosomes, somatic mutations, nitric oxide, and apoptosis.
  • A subgroup without leucopenia/CRS exhibited background mutation levels but increased delayed cell cycles.
  • Radiosensitive individuals exposed to 0.01-1.96 Gy experienced more severe late hematopoietic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic radiation exposure disproportionately affects radiosensitive individuals, leading to severe late hematopoietic effects.
  • CRS patients exhibited activated anti-oxidative stress mechanisms, which eventually became exhausted, causing genomic instability.
  • Findings highlight the long-term impact of radiation on hematopoietic system and the importance of individual radiosensitivity.