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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Published on: August 30, 2020
[Cerebrospinal fluid-based diagnostics of CT-negative subarachnoid haemorrhage]
1Abteilung für Neurology, Universität Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081, Ulm, Deutschland. Hayrettin.tumani@uni-ulm.de
Abstract:
The diagnostic investigation of CT-negative subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a particular challenge in clinical neurology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis via lumbar puncture is the method of choice. The diagnosis of SAH in CSF is based on a bloody or xanthochromic discoloration of the CSF as well as on findings in non-automated CSF cytology including the detection of erythrophages and siderophages. The automated determination of CSF ferritin concentrations or spectrophotometric detection of xanthochromia may contribute to the diagnosis but are only useful with regard to the overall clinical picture. Generally, the knowledge of the time flow of CSF changes associated with SAH is essential for a correct interpretation of CSF findings.
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