Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Editor's Note: Deguelin Analogue SH-1242 Inhibits Hsp90 Activity and Exerts Potent Anticancer Efficacy with Limited Neurotoxicity.

Cancer research·2026
Same author

Thiazole-Linked <i>N</i>-Hydroxypropanamide Derivatives: Selective HDAC6 Inhibitors with Therapeutic Potential for Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

A Novel Peptide, HS1002, Enhances Antitumor Activity via Dual Targeting of the GnRH Receptor and Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Prostate Cancer Cells.

MedComm·2026
Same author

Discovery of novel ENPP1 inhibitors with benzotriazole core for cancer immunotherapy.

European journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Synthesis and Translational Assessment of Trinucleotide 5'-Cap Analogs for Messenger Ribonucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Fixed-Bed Column Performance of Poly-GMA-Glucamine for Boron Recovery in Seawater Reverse Osmosis: Breakthrough Analysis and Scale-Up Design Parameters.

Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
13:51

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Published on: November 10, 2017

Defluoridation from aqueous solution by lanthanum hydroxide.

Choon-Ki Na1, Hyun-Ju Park

  • 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, 61 Dorim, Chungkye Muan, Jeonnam 534-729, South Korea. nack@mokpo.ac.kr

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|August 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Lanthanum hydroxide effectively removes fluoride from water, showing high sorption capacity and selectivity. This study confirms its potential as a regenerable sorbent for water purification.

More Related Videos

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
10:10

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
08:43

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
13:51

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Published on: November 10, 2017

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
10:10

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
08:43

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: October 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fluoride contamination in water poses significant health risks.
  • Effective and selective sorbents are needed for water defluoridation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate lanthanum hydroxide as a sorbent for fluoride removal.
  • To investigate factors influencing fluoride sorption kinetics and thermodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Batch sorption experiments were conducted.
  • Influences of pH, competing anions, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature were studied.
  • Isotherm and kinetic models (Langmuir, pseudo-second-order) were applied.

Main Results:

  • Optimal fluoride removal occurred at pH(eq)≤7.5.
  • Maximum monolayer sorption capacity reached 242.2 mg/g.
  • Sorption was spontaneous, endothermic, and likely chemically controlled.

Conclusions:

  • Lanthanum hydroxide demonstrates high fluoride removal efficiency and selectivity.
  • It is a regenerable and promising material for water defluoridation.