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Measurements of Strain

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain gauge...

Thermal Strain

Thermal Strain

Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...

Stress-Strain Diagram

Stress-Strain Diagram

A stress-strain diagram is a crucial tool that graphically displays a material's mechanical characteristics. This diagram is derived from a tensile test performed on a carefully prepared cylindrical specimen. The specimen has two gauge marks inscribed on its central part, and the distance between these marks is known as the gauge length. The cylindrical specimen is placed in a testing machine, which applies an increasing centric load. As this load grows, so does the gauge length. This change in...

True Stress and True Strain

True Stress and True Strain

Engineering stress is calculated as the load divided by the original, undeformed cross-sectional area. It approximates a material under load. This approximation is especially relevant post-yield in ductile materials. Though engineering stress-strain diagrams are often used for their convenience and accessibility, they can sometimes fall short in accuracy, particularly when dealing with large strain values.
In contrast, true stress offers a more precise portrayal. It is computed by dividing the...

Strain and Elastic Modulus

Strain and Elastic Modulus

The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Measurement of Compressive Stress-Strain Response at Small-Strains

Measurement of Compressive Stress-Strain Response at Small-Strains

Published on: December 5, 2025

The micromass test: Is it subject to strain variation?

S J Ward¹, D R Newall

¹Genetic and Reproductive Toxicology, Glaxo Group Research, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK.

Toxicology in Vitro : an International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA

|August 13, 2010

Summary

Strain differences in rat embryos affect teratogenic responses to all-trans-retinoic acid. In vitro and in vivo studies showed similar susceptibility rankings, suggesting target tissue sensitivity influences teratogenicity.

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Published on: April 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Developmental toxicology
Pharmacology
Genetics

Background:

Strain variation is critical in interpreting regulatory toxicology studies.
Understanding in vitro-in vivo correlations for teratogenic responses is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the teratogenic response of three rat strains (AHA, RH, AP) to all-trans-retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro.
To investigate the influence of strain differences on limb development and embryonic cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

In vivo forelimb development assessment and in vitro limb bud and midbrain cell differentiation assays were performed.
Dose-response curves and ED(50)/IC(50) values were calculated to rank strain susceptibility.

Main Results:

In vivo, susceptibility order was AHA > RH = AP (ED(50) 93, 124, 123 mg/kg).
In vitro, limb bud cell differentiation showed marked strain differences: AHA > RH > AP (IC(50) 0.008, 0.09, 0.25 μg/ml).
Cytotoxicity and midbrain cell differentiation showed minimal strain variation.

Conclusions:

In vitro micromass tests for retinoic acid are subject to strain variation but predict teratogenic potential accurately.
Strain susceptibility order was consistent between in vivo and in vitro, indicating target tissue sensitivity is a key factor.