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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are called the...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English
14:34

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

Published on: April 3, 2026

Language access and language selection in professional translators.

A J Ibáñez1, P Macizo, M T Bajo

  • 1University of Granada, Granada, Spain.

Acta Psychologica
|August 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Professional translators and bilinguals show different language processing based on task demands. Lexical access and selection in Spanish (L1) and English (L2) are influenced by translation experience and reading tasks.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English
14:34

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

Published on: April 3, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Second Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Understanding how bilinguals access and select languages is crucial for psycholinguistics.
  • Cognates and switching costs are key indicators of cross-linguistic interaction.
  • Professional translators may exhibit unique language processing patterns compared to typical bilinguals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate language access and selection in professional translators and bilinguals.
  • To examine the role of cognates in cross-linguistic activation.
  • To assess the impact of task demands (reading vs. reading and repeating) on language processing.

Main Methods:

  • Self-paced reading experiments were used to measure reading times.
  • Participants included professional translators and bilinguals.
  • Sentences in Spanish (L1) and English (L2) contained either cognate or control words.

Main Results:

  • Lexical processing was influenced by participants' professional translation experience.
  • Task demands (reading and repeating vs. only reading) affected language processing.
  • Cognate effects indicated between-language activation, while switching costs suggested inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Language processing in bilinguals is dynamic and sensitive to both experience and task.
  • Professional translators may have distinct language control mechanisms.
  • Task difficulty modulates the interplay between language activation and inhibition.