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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Apoptotic volume decrease as a geometric determinant for cell dismantling into apoptotic bodies.

R Núñez1, S M Sancho-Martínez, J M L Novoa

  • 1Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.

Cell Death and Differentiation
|August 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Apoptosis involves cell dismantling into apoptotic bodies for clean removal. Apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) is essential for packaging cellular contents into these bodies, facilitating their clearance.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
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Published on: August 12, 2018

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Apoptotic Biomarkers in Actinomycin D-Treated SiHa Cervical Cancer Cells
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Published on: August 26, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is programmed cell death, crucial for tissue homeostasis and development.
  • It involves dismantling cells into apoptotic bodies for efficient phagocytosis without inflammation.
  • Key events include DNA fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and membrane blebbing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biological significance of apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) during apoptosis.
  • To propose AVD as a geometrical requirement for apoptotic body formation.

Main Methods:

  • Review and theoretical analysis of the apoptotic process.
  • Examination of the cell's volume-to-surface area ratio in the context of apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • Apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) is a core event in apoptosis.
  • AVD is a geometrical necessity for dismantling the cell into smaller, membrane-sealed apoptotic bodies.
  • The decrease in cell volume provides the necessary membrane surface for forming apoptotic bodies.

Conclusions:

  • AVD is not merely a consequence but a prerequisite for efficient apoptotic body formation.
  • The cell's volume-to-surface ratio dictates the need for volume reduction to enable packaging.
  • Understanding AVD's role clarifies the mechanics of cellular dismantling during programmed cell death.