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Related Concept Videos

Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Crossing over01:34

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
LC Circuits01:21

LC Circuits

An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of homologous...

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Free-space optical collinear crossover interconnects.

Y Li, B Ha, G Eichmann

    Applied Optics
    |August 14, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Two novel optical interconnects for free-space optics were developed. These innovative designs utilize mirrors, beam splitters, or a Fresnel zone plate and lens for efficient optical data transmission.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Photonics

    Background:

    • Optical interconnects are crucial for high-speed data communication.
    • Free-space optics offers advantages in flexibility and bandwidth.
    • Developing efficient and compact optical interconnects remains an active research area.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose two new schemes for optical free-space collinear cross-over interconnects.
    • To demonstrate proof-of-principle experimental validation for the proposed schemes.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation 1: Utilized mirrors and beam splitters for optical path manipulation.
    • Implementation 2: Employed a Fresnel zone plate and lens combination for optical focusing and redirection.
    • Experimental setup for proof-of-principle demonstration.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of two distinct optical free-space collinear cross-over interconnect designs.
    • Experimental validation confirming the feasibility of both proposed methods.
    • Quantitative performance metrics of the experimental setups were presented.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed optical interconnect schemes are viable for free-space applications.
    • Both mirror/beam splitter and Fresnel zone plate/lens approaches offer practical solutions.
    • Further research can optimize these designs for enhanced performance and scalability.