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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical field in...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
09:00

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Multiplexed polarization spectroscopy: measuring surface hyperpolarizability orientation.

Mary Jane Shultz1, Patrick Bisson, Henning Groenzin

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Water and Surfaces Laboratory, Tufts University, Pearson Building, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA. mary.shultz@tufts.edu

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|August 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method, polarization-angle null sum frequency generation (SFG), accurately determines molecular orientation and surface interactions. This technique provides deeper insights into liquid interfaces and solid surfaces, revealing details about phase transitions and hydrogen bonding in water.

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Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy

Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Spectroscopy
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG) is a powerful surface-sensitive technique, especially for liquid interfaces.
  • Interpreting SFG data to determine molecular configurations at surfaces remains a significant challenge.
  • Existing methods struggle to fully decouple surface optical properties from experimental geometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a new SFG data analysis technique: polarization-angle null SFG (PAN-SFG).
  • To demonstrate PAN-SFG's capability in determining hyperpolarizability direction and phase relationships.
  • To apply PAN-SFG for deconvoluting overlapping resonances and identifying non-dipole contributions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the PAN-SFG technique for analyzing SFG spectra.
  • Application of PAN-SFG to an acetonitrile-water mixture to study phase transitions.
  • Utilizing PAN-SFG to analyze the hydrogen-bonded region of ice spectra, focusing on a specific spectral feature.

Main Results:

  • PAN-SFG successfully separates surface optical factors, directly linking null angles to surface species polarization.
  • Analysis of acetonitrile-water mixtures shows a constant acetonitrile configuration, challenging previous phase transition models.
  • PAN-SFG reveals a significant quadrupole contribution in ice at 3098 cm⁻¹, assigned to bilayer-stitching-hydrogen bonds, with temperature-dependent behavior.

Conclusions:

  • PAN-SFG is a robust method for accurate molecular orientation determination and phase relationship analysis at interfaces.
  • The technique provides deeper insights into interfacial phenomena, including phase transitions and hydrogen bonding dynamics.
  • PAN-SFG enables definitive spectral assignments in complex systems like water ice, advancing surface characterization.