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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
Published on: September 22, 2023
Factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding and breast-feeding in Norway
Anne Lene Kristiansen1, Britt Lande, Nina Cecilie Øverby
1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. a.l.kristiansen@medisin.uio.no
Objective:
To identify factors associated with exclusive breast-feeding and breast-feeding during the first year of life among Norwegian infants.
Design:
Data on breast-feeding practices were collected by a semi-quantitative FFQ.
Setting:
In 2006-2007 about 3000 infants were invited to participate in a population-based prospective cohort study in Norway.
Subjects:
A total of 1490 mothers/infants participated at both 6 and 12 months of age.
Results:
Exclusive breast-feeding at 4 months was associated with parental education, parity and geographical region, while exclusive breast-feeding at 5·5 months was associated only with maternal age. At both ages, a negative association with exclusive breast-feeding was observed for maternal smoking. Breast-feeding at 6 months was associated with parental education, maternal age and marital status. Breast-feeding at 12 months was associated with maternal education, maternal age and number of children. At both ages, negative associations with breast-feeding were observed for maternal smoking and descending birth weight. At 12 months, a negative association was also observed for having day care by other than the parents.
Conclusions:
Even though Norway has an extensive and positive breast-feeding tradition and a maternal leave system that supports the possibility to breast-feed, factors like maternal education, maternal age and maternal smoking are strongly associated with duration of exclusive breast-feeding and breast-feeding. Research to better understand the reasons for inequalities in breast-feeding is needed to facilitate the development of more effective breast-feeding promotion strategies. This again may improve compliance with recommendations and reduce inequalities in infant feeding practices.
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