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Related Concept Videos

Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.
Structure of Cadherins01:25

Structure of Cadherins

The cadherins were one of the first cell adhesion molecules discovered; the term “cadherins”   is based on their calcium-dependent adhering properties. The first cadherins discovered on the epithelial, neuronal, and placental cells were named E-cadherin, P-cadherin, and N-cadherin, respectively. These classical cadherins share sequence and structural similarities. Other cadherins, including those involved in cell signaling, are grouped into non-classical cadherins. This diversity of cadherins...
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that was based on the...
VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes02:52

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

Overview of VSEPR Theory
Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are degenerate and have...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web
09:51

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Published on: July 16, 2017

The 3D structures of VDAC represent a native conformation.

Sebastian Hiller1, Jeff Abramson, Carmen Mannella

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|August 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a key mitochondrial protein, has a newly revealed 19-stranded beta-barrel structure. This research validates the structure and its link to VDAC

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web
09:51

Investigating Protein Sequence-structure-dynamics Relationships with Bio3D-web

Published on: July 16, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Structural Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is the most abundant protein in the mitochondrial outer membrane.
  • VDAC regulates the passage of ions and molecules between mitochondria and the cytosol.
  • Recent studies have elucidated the structure of VDAC-1, revealing a unique 19-transmembrane beta-strand architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) research.
  • To detail the experimental approaches used to determine the VDAC-1 structure.
  • To validate the protein refolding method and confirm the 19-stranded structure's relevance to native VDAC.

Main Methods:

  • Structural biology techniques to determine VDAC-1 structure.
  • Protein refolding assays.
  • Biochemical and biophysical validation methods.

Main Results:

  • A unique 19-transmembrane beta-strand structure for VDAC-1 was revealed.
  • The protein refolding approach was validated as a method to obtain VDAC structures.
  • Biochemical and biophysical evidence supports the 19-stranded structure as representative of native VDAC.

Conclusions:

  • The 19-stranded beta-barrel structure represents the native form of VDAC.
  • This structural insight advances our understanding of mitochondrial function and VDAC regulation.
  • The study validates a key methodology for studying membrane proteins.