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Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
11:06

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro

Published on: January 31, 2022

Pyrazinamide induced thrombocytopenia.

Surya Kant1, Sanjay Kumar Verma, Vaibhav Gupta

  • 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Charapati Sahuji Maharaj Medical University, (Erstwhile King Georges Medical University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Indian Journal of Pharmacology
|August 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Certain antitubercular drugs can cause thrombocytopenia, a dangerous drop in platelets. This case highlights pyrazinamide as a potential cause of drug-induced thrombocytopenia in tuberculosis patients.

Keywords:
Pyrazinamideadverse drug reactionthrombocytopenia

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro
11:06

Human Liver Microphysiological System for Assessing Drug-Induced Liver Toxicity In Vitro

Published on: January 31, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Hematology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Thrombocytopenia is a rare but serious adverse effect of some antitubercular medications.
  • It involves the rapid destruction of platelets upon exposure to specific drugs in susceptible individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a case of pyrazinamide-induced thrombocytopenia.
  • To raise awareness of this potential complication in patients undergoing anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation.
  • Review of patient's medical history and drug regimen.

Main Results:

  • The patient developed thrombocytopenia.
  • The condition was attributed to pyrazinamide, an antitubercular drug.

Conclusions:

  • Pyrazinamide can induce thrombocytopenia.
  • Clinicians should monitor platelet counts in patients treated with antitubercular drugs, especially pyrazinamide.