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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem
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Jatropha toxicity--a review.

Rakshit K Devappa1, Harinder P S Makkar, Klaus Becker

  • 1Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews
|August 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Jatropha plants, while promising for biodiesel, possess significant toxicity across various parts. This review details Jatropha

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Toxicology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Jatropha is a nonedible oilseed plant from the Euphorbiaceae family.
  • Increasing Jatropha cultivation for biodiesel raises concerns about its toxicity.
  • Agro-industrial by-products may increase human and animal exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile existing knowledge on Jatropha plant toxicity.
  • To highlight potential risks associated with Jatropha cultivation and use.
  • To identify areas for future research and safety measures.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Jatropha toxicity studies.
  • Compilation of data on Jatropha extracts' bioactivities.
  • Analysis of adverse effects on various species.

Main Results:

  • Jatropha extracts from fruit, seed, oil, roots, latex, bark, and leaf exhibit toxicity.
  • These extracts show moluscicidal, piscicidal, insecticidal, rodenticidal, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.
  • Adverse effects documented in rats, poultry, ruminants, and risks from accidental consumption by children.

Conclusions:

  • Jatropha cultivation necessitates awareness of its inherent toxicity for occupational safety.
  • Understanding Jatropha's bioactivities may lead to pharmaceutical applications.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize and manage Jatropha's toxicological profile.