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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
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[Limbic encephalitis--history,symptoms,and the latest classification].

Tatsuhiko Yuasa1, Koji Fujita

  • 1Department of Neurology, Kamagaya-Chiba Medical Center for Intractable Neurological Disease (KC-MIND), Kamagaya General Hospital, Chiba, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|August 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Limbic encephalitis concepts evolved from carcinoma association to autoimmune causes. Autoantibody-mediated limbic encephalitis (AMLE) can be reversible, unlike older paraneoplastic forms.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Published on: June 2, 2022

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Limbic encephalitis (LE) understanding has shifted significantly since its 1968 introduction.
  • Initially, LE was predominantly linked to carcinoma, leading to the term paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE).
  • The discovery of antineuronal antibodies in the 1990s supported autoimmune mechanisms for PLE.

Purpose:

  • To trace the conceptual evolution of limbic encephalitis.
  • To differentiate between paraneoplastic and autoantibody-mediated forms.
  • To highlight the prognostic and clinical distinctions, particularly regarding reversibility.

Summary:

  • Recent discoveries include antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, often associated with reversible LE independent of cancer.
  • Autoantibody-mediated limbic encephalitis (AMLE) is now recognized, with distinct subtypes based on antibody targets (cytoplasmic vs. cell membrane antigens).
  • Current classification includes virus-induced LE, AMLE (Type I for cytoplasmic, Type II/AMED-ARLE for cell membrane antibodies), and LE associated with autoimmune diseases.

Impact:

  • This reclassification offers a more nuanced understanding of limbic encephalitis pathogenesis.
  • Identifying specific autoantibodies improves diagnostic accuracy and prognostic prediction.
  • The recognition of potentially reversible forms opens avenues for targeted immunotherapies and improved patient outcomes.