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Micelles

Micelles

Micelle formation is an intricate process that hinges on the properties of amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules and the conditions of the system in which they are found. Amphiphilic molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts, play a critical role in this process.In aqueous environments, these molecules arrange themselves such that their hydrophilic heads are turned towards the water phase, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented away...

Surface Active Agents

Surface Active Agents

Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

The Colloidal State

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Published on: April 21, 2017

Morphological study of cationic polymer-anionic surfactant complex precipitated in solution during the dilution

M Miyake¹, Y Kakizawa

¹Functional Materials Research Laboratories, Lion Corporation, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Journal of Cosmetic Science

|August 19, 2010

Summary

Controlling charges in cationic polymers (CC, CD) and surfactants (LES) affects complex morphology and hair feel. Adjusting charges in CC-based shampoo formulations improves conditioning effects.

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Published on: March 18, 2020

Area of Science:

Colloid and Surface Science
Polymer Chemistry
Materials Science

Background:

Cationic polymers and anionic surfactants form complexes with applications in personal care products.
Understanding the relationship between complex formation, morphology, and performance is crucial for product development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the phase diagrams and morphology of complexes formed by cationic cellulose (CC) and cationic dextran (CD) with anionic surfactant sodium poly(oxyethylene) lauryl ether sulfate (LES).
To explore how modifying surfactant charge with amphoteric (LPB) or nonionic (C18EO25) surfactants influences complex aggregation and hair conditioning.
To correlate complex morphology and rheological properties with the tactile feel of hair after rinsing.

Main Methods:

Formation and characterization of complexes between CC/CD and LES, with/without LPB or C18EO25.
Observation of complex morphologies (membranous, mesh-like) under varying charge densities.
Evaluation of hair touch and rheological properties during the rinsing process in a model shampoo solution.

Main Results:

CC complex aggregates transitioned from membranous to mesh-like forms with decreased charge, altering hair feel from sticky to smooth/velvety.
CD complex aggregates maintained a membranous form and smooth touch regardless of charge modifications.
Rheological properties correlated with the observed tactile changes on hair.

Conclusions:

The charge density of both cationic polymers and surfactants significantly impacts the morphology and conditioning performance of CC-based complexes.
Polymer structure (CC vs. CD) plays a role in complex stability and tactile properties.
Tailoring charge interactions is key to achieving desirable conditioning effects in hair care formulations.