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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For instance, consider...
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
09:46

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: August 26, 2018

Redox-active radical scavenging nanomaterials.

Ajay Karakoti1, Sanjay Singh, Janet M Dowding

  • 1Applied Materials Processing and Analysis Center, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Engineering I, Orlando, Florida, USA.

Chemical Society Reviews
|August 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modified fullerenes and cerium oxide nanoparticles show promise as antioxidants. These nanomaterials may protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, potentially aiding in treating degenerative diseases and aging.

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Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps
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Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Published on: August 18, 2012

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo
08:01

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

Published on: September 26, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles
09:46

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Published on: August 26, 2018

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps
13:21

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Published on: August 18, 2012

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo
08:01

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

Published on: September 26, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are implicated in aging and degenerative diseases.
  • Nanomaterials like fullerenes and cerium oxide nanoparticles exhibit antioxidant properties.
  • These nanomaterials may act as superoxide dismutase mimetics, scavenging harmful radicals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the chemistry of radical-scavenging nanomaterials.
  • To discuss their application in biological systems.
  • To explore their potential therapeutic benefits for RONS-related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on nanomaterial chemistry and radical scavenging.
  • Analysis of research on nanomaterial interactions with biological systems.
  • Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo model systems.

Main Results:

  • Modified fullerenes and cerium oxide nanoparticles effectively scavenge superoxide radicals.
  • These nanomaterials demonstrate protective effects against RONS-induced cellular damage.
  • Studies are investigating their uptake, metabolism, distribution, toxicity, and fate in biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • Nanomaterials possess significant potential as therapeutic agents against RONS-induced damage.
  • Further research on safety and efficacy is crucial for clinical applications.
  • These antioxidants could offer novel strategies for managing aging and degenerative diseases.