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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences01:20

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Interferences

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is a highly selective and sensitive technique for accurate elemental analysis. Though the analysis of ICP–MS mass spectra is comparatively straightforward, it is affected by spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences. Spectroscopic interferences arise when the plasma contains ionic species with an m/z value the same as the analyte ion. Spectroscopic interference can be categorized as isobaric, polyatomic ions, and refractory oxide ion...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak carbon–halogen...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...

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RNA interference: a chemist's perspective.

James W Gaynor1, Barry J Campbell, Richard Cosstick

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK L69 7ZD. jwgaynor@liv.ac.uk

Chemical Society Reviews
|August 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA interference (RNAi) uses small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to silence specific genes, offering therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the chemical perspective of siRNA design for gene silencing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful gene silencing technique, discovered in 1998 and recognized with a Nobel Prize in 2006.
  • Small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are key mediators of RNAi and are amenable to chemical modification for therapeutic development.
  • The complexity of the RNAi pathway and its study across diverse organisms present challenges for chemical analogue development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a chemical perspective on the RNA interference pathway.
  • To elucidate the complexities of RNAi for chemists interested in oligonucleotide-based therapeutics.
  • To facilitate the design of chemically modified siRNAs by integrating biological insights with chemical principles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RNA interference from a chemical standpoint.
  • Integration of biological mechanisms of RNAi with chemical modification strategies for siRNAs.
  • Inclusion of a glossary to clarify specialized terminology for a broader scientific audience.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of the RNAi pathway with an emphasis on chemical aspects.
  • Discussion of the challenges and opportunities in developing chemically modified siRNAs.
  • Provision of essential biological context for understanding siRNA function and design.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of RNAi biology is crucial for successful chemical modification of siRNAs.
  • This tutorial review bridges the gap between RNAi biology and medicinal chemistry.
  • Chemists can leverage this information to design effective siRNA-based therapeutics.