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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
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Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Bone Disorders

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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Clinical Anthropometrics and Body Composition from 3-Dimensional Optical Imaging
06:48

Clinical Anthropometrics and Body Composition from 3-Dimensional Optical Imaging

Published on: June 7, 2024

The relationship between body composition and structural changes at the knee.

Patricia A Berry1, Anita E Wluka, Miranda L Davies-Tuck

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
|August 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Increased body fat is linked to cartilage defects and bone marrow lesions, early signs of knee osteoarthritis. Conversely, greater skeletal muscle mass is associated with higher knee cartilage volume, potentially offering a protective effect.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Obesity is a significant risk factor for knee osteoarthritis (OA).
  • Fat and muscle mass may have distinct roles in OA development.
  • Understanding body composition's impact on knee structure is crucial for OA prevention and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between body composition (fat mass and skeletal muscle mass) and knee structural parameters.
  • Specifically examining relationships with knee cartilage volume, cartilage defects, and bone marrow lesions (BMLs).

Main Methods:

  • 153 participants (81% female, aged 25-60) with a wide BMI range (18-55 kg/m²) were studied.
  • Knee MRI was used to assess cartilage volume, defects, and BMLs.
  • Dual X-ray absorptiometry measured body composition.

Main Results:

  • Each 1 kg increase in skeletal muscle mass correlated with an 81 mm³ increase in cartilage volume.
  • Fat mass was not significantly associated with cartilage volume.
  • Increased fat mass was a risk factor for cartilage defects (OR=1.31) and BMLs (OR=1.09).

Conclusions:

  • Fat mass is associated with cartilage defects and BMLs, indicative of early knee OA.
  • Skeletal muscle mass positively correlates with cartilage volume, suggesting a protective role.
  • These findings highlight the differential impact of fat and muscle on knee joint health.