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Updated: Jun 10, 2026
07:41
Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Published on: April 17, 2019
Pelvic inlet and outlet radiographs redefined.
William M Ricci1, Christiaan Mamczak, Martin Tynan
1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 1 Barnes Hospital Plaza, Suite 11300, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. ricciw@wustl.edu
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
|August 20, 2010
Summary
Optimized pelvic X-ray views improve assessment of posterior pelvic anatomy. Standard 45-degree inlet and outlet views may not be ideal for evaluating pelvic injuries due to anatomical variations.
Area of Science:
- Radiology
- Orthopedic Imaging
- Anatomy
Background:
- Musculoskeletal imaging often uses orthogonal views.
- Current pelvic injury evaluation uses 45-degree inlet/outlet radiographs.
- Lumbopelvic anatomy variability may limit standard view effectiveness.
Purpose of the Study:
- To test if optimized inlet and outlet radiographic views for pelvic anatomy differ from standard views.
- To determine if optimized views improve evaluation of clinically relevant osseous landmarks.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 68 patients without pelvic ring disruption.
- Used axial pelvic CT scans and sagittal reconstructions.
- Quantified optimal inlet and outlet angles for pelvic anatomy.
Main Results:
- Optimal inlet angle averaged 21 degrees caudal tilt.
- Optimal outlet angles averaged 63 degrees (S1) and 57 degrees (S2) cephalad tilt.
- Optimal angles were consistent across demographics and pelvis types.
Conclusions:
- Recommended screening inlet and outlet radiographs at 25 and 60 degrees.
- These angles provide accurate profiles of posterior pelvic anatomy.
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