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Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific requirements are not imposed on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Numerical methods for modeling photonic-crystal VCSELs.

Maciej Dems¹, Il-Sug Chung, Peter Nyakas

¹Institute of Physics, Technical University of Lodz, ul. Wólczańska 219, 90-924 Łódź, Poland. maciej.dems@p.lodz.pl

|August 20, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study compares four numerical methods for simulating Photonic-Crystal Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (PC VCSELs). The effective index method showed limitations, while others provided good agreement for PC VCSEL simulations.

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Published on: September 26, 2014

Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Computational Physics
Semiconductor Devices

Background:

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are key optoelectronic devices.
Photonic crystals (PCs) offer advanced control over light in semiconductor devices.
Accurate numerical simulation is crucial for designing advanced PC VCSELs.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the accuracy and applicability of four distinct numerical methods for simulating PC VCSELs.
To analyze the performance of these methods under varying PC structure designs within the VCSEL.
To identify the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of each simulation approach.

Main Methods:

Theoretical basis of four numerical simulation methods presented.
Benchmark VCSEL structure analyzed with PC integration in different layers (full, DBR, cavity).
Comparison of predicted resonance wavelengths and threshold gains for varied PC parameters (hole diameter, pitch).

Main Results:

Good agreement observed between most numerical methods.
The effective index method demonstrated significant deviations from other models.
Simulation results highlight method-specific strengths and weaknesses.

Conclusions:

The choice of numerical method impacts PC VCSEL simulation accuracy.
The effective index method has limited applicability for complex PC VCSEL structures.
This study provides guidance for selecting appropriate simulation tools for PC VCSEL design.