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Formation of Complex Ions

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:

Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

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Negative ion formation in potassium-nitromethane collisions.

R Antunes¹, D Almeida, G Martins

¹Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP

|August 20, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electron transfer in nitromethane collisions with potassium atoms reveals key ion products. Deuterated nitromethane confirmed OH- as a major fragment, clarifying previous mass spectrometry assignments.

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Published on: August 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Chemical Physics
Molecular Dynamics

Background:

Electron transfer reactions are fundamental in chemical processes.
Understanding ion formation mechanisms is crucial for chemical kinetics.
Nitromethane is a molecule with significant energetic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate ion-pair formation in gaseous nitromethane induced by electron transfer.
To identify and characterize the negative ions produced from nitromethane collisions.
To elucidate the fragmentation pathways of nitromethane under electron transfer conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilized a crossed molecular-beam technique for high-energy collisions.
Employed time-of-flight mass spectroscopy for precise ion analysis.
Used nitromethane-d3 (CD3NO2) to resolve isotopic ambiguities in product identification.

Main Results:

Identified six dominant product anions: NO2-, O-, CH3NO2-, OH-, CH2NO2-, and CNO-.
Confirmed OH- (mass 17 amu) as a primary product, distinct from delayed O- fragments.
Provided evidence for CH2NO2- formation via dissociative electron attachment to excited nitromethane molecules.

Conclusions:

The study successfully characterized the negative ion products from electron transfer in nitromethane.
Deuterium labeling definitively assigned the mass 17 ion to OH-, correcting prior interpretations.
The findings offer insights into the complex fragmentation dynamics of nitromethane following electron impact.