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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
09:53

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Published on: July 5, 2021

Pseudotumor cerebri.

Pietro Spennato1, Claudio Ruggiero, Raffaele Stefano Parlato

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Santobono-Paulipon Pediatric Hospital, Via Mario Fiore 6, Naples, Italy. spennato2@libero.it

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|August 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudotumor cerebri, or increased intracranial pressure, is an avoidable cause of vision loss in adults and children. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can lead to complete symptom resolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Pseudotumor cerebri involves elevated intracranial pressure with normal cerebrospinal fluid and brain imaging.
  • It primarily affects obese women of childbearing age but is increasingly seen in children.
  • Etiology remains unclear, with potential links to venous outflow obstruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on pseudotumor cerebri in adults and pre-pubertal children.
  • To highlight diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Extensive literature review on pseudotumor cerebri.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and clinical presentations in adults and children.

Main Results:

  • Pseudotumor cerebri is a significant, yet preventable, cause of visual impairment.
  • Diagnosis often requires exclusion of other conditions.
  • Neuroimaging, particularly MRI and MRV, aids in identifying venous outflow obstruction.

Conclusions:

  • Effective diagnostic measures are available for pseudotumor cerebri.
  • Timely intervention using medical, surgical, or endovascular approaches prevents irreversible vision loss.
  • Most patients achieve full recovery without lasting deficits.