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Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue

Published on: January 19, 2019

Ictal bigeminy.

P Widdess-Walsh¹, D Nair

¹Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, St. Barnabas, Livingston, New Jersey, USA. pwiddesswalsh@sbhcs.com

Clinical EEG and Neuroscience

|August 21, 2010

Summary

Seizures can disrupt heart function, causing electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities. This case highlights how seizure activity, specifically left temporal lobe seizures, can lead to bigeminy, affecting cardiac autonomic control.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Cardiology
Autonomic Neuroscience

Background:

Seizures are known to affect autonomic nervous system function.
Electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities can occur during epileptic seizures.
The relationship between ictal activity and cardiac electrophysiology requires further investigation.

Observation:

A specific case of stereotypical bigeminy was observed during left temporal lobe seizures.
The event was recorded in an epilepsy monitoring unit.
The patient experienced significant cardiac rhythm disturbances during the seizure.

Findings:

The observed bigeminy is likely caused by the spread of seizure discharge.
The ictal discharge may involve primary visceromotor regions, specifically the left insula (Island of Reil).

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This suggests a direct link between specific brain regions and cardiac electrical activity during seizures.

Implications:

Ictal brain activity can directly influence cardiac electrophysiology.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing patients with epilepsy and cardiac comorbidities.
Further research into the insula's role in ictal-cardiac events is warranted.