Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 10, 2026
06:46
A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19
Published on: July 5, 2022
Who attends a UK diabetes screening programme? Findings from the ADDITION-Cambridge study.
L A Sargeant1, R K Simmons, R S Barling
1MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK.
Summary
High attendance for Type 2 diabetes screening is achievable with targeted, stepwise approaches. However, strategies are needed to boost initial uptake and ensure program completion, particularly in diverse populations.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- General Practice
Background:
- Population screening for Type 2 diabetes aims to improve cost-effectiveness through early detection.
- Uptake at each stage of a screening program significantly influences its overall success and economic viability.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine attendance rates and identify factors influencing uptake in a stepwise Type 2 diabetes screening program.
- To analyze both practice-level and individual-level determinants of participation in diabetes screening.
Main Methods:
- A stepwise screening program involving 135,825 individuals aged 40-69 without diagnosed diabetes across 49 general practices.
- Risk stratification using routinely available data (age, sex, BMI, medications) to identify high-risk individuals for random capillary blood glucose (RBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin tests.
- Follow-up testing included fasting capillary blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) for positive screens.
Main Results:
- Initial attendance for RBG testing was 74% (24,654/33,539 high-risk individuals).
- High follow-up rates were observed: 94% for FBG and 82% for OGTT, with 70% overall program completion.
- Practice factors (GP staff, deprivation) and individual factors (sex, BMI, age, medication, risk score) influenced attendance.
Conclusions:
- Targeted, stepwise screening based on routinely available data can achieve high attendance rates.
- Strategies are needed to enhance initial uptake and program completion.
- Interventions must address potential increases in health inequalities associated with screening programs.
Related Concept Videos
01:25Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
01:22Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
01:15Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications
For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
01:26Type II Diabetes I: Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
01:36Carbohydrate Metabolism
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
01:27Diabetic Retinopathy
DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...