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Related Concept Videos

Fault Types01:18

Fault Types

When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
For line-to-line faults occurring between phases B and C, the...
Tidal Forces01:06

Tidal Forces

The origin of Earth's ocean tides has been a subject of continuous investigation for over 2000 years. However, the work of Newton is considered to be the beginning of the proper understanding of the phenomenon. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational tidal forces. These same tidal forces are present in any astronomical body; they are responsible for the internal heat that creates the volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, and the breakup of stars that get too close to black holes.
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Voltage Doubler Circuit01:23

Voltage Doubler Circuit

A voltage doubler circuit integrates two main components: a clamping section and a rectifier section. The clamping section consists of a capacitor (C1) and a diode (D1), whereas the rectifier section is equipped with another diode (D2) and capacitor (C2). This circuit produces an output voltage with twice the amplitude of the sinusoidal input voltage.
Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
07:58

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

Published on: August 7, 2017

The 2009 Samoa-Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet.

Thorne Lay1, Charles J Ammon, Hiroo Kanamori

  • 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. tlay@ucsc.edu

Nature
|August 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A rare 2009 Tonga earthquake sequence saw an unusual intraplate event trigger massive interplate faulting, significantly increasing seismic and tsunami hazards. This complex rupture caused devastating tsunami waves and widespread aftershocks.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
07:58

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt

Published on: August 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Seismology
  • Tectonics

Background:

  • Great earthquakes typically involve interplate ruptures, which can trigger nearby intraplate aftershocks.
  • The usual pattern is interplate events activating intraplate seismicity, not the reverse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze a rare earthquake sequence in the Tonga subduction zone where an intraplate earthquake triggered interplate faulting.
  • To understand the seismic and tsunami hazards associated with this reversed rupture pattern.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of seismic wave data to distinguish distinct fault ruptures.
  • Investigation of the 29 September 2009 Tonga earthquake sequence, including its moment magnitude and faulting mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • A moment magnitude 8.1 intraplate earthquake triggered two major interplate underthrusting subevents (moment magnitude 7.8 each) within minutes.
  • The combined faulting generated tsunami waves with up to 12-meter run-up, causing fatalities in Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga.
  • Detailed seismic analysis revealed distinct faults with different geometries, including triggered thrust faulting.

Conclusions:

  • The 2009 Tonga earthquake sequence demonstrated a reversal of the typical earthquake triggering pattern.
  • This event significantly expanded seismic and tsunami hazards, highlighting the complex interactions between interplate and intraplate faulting.