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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
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Published on: October 17, 2025

Tuberous sclerosis.

Kaukab Naeem Syed1

  • 1Department of Medicine, PIMS, Islamabad.

JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder causing benign tumors due to TSC1/TSC2 gene mutations. This report details a 31-year-old female patient, highlighting the need for comprehensive care including education and expert follow-up.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Neurology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder.
  • It results from mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes.
  • TSC is characterized by the development of benign tumors (hamartomas) in multiple organs.

Observation:

  • A case report of a 31-year-old female patient with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex is presented.
  • The patient met eight major diagnostic criteria for TSC.
  • This highlights the diverse clinical manifestations of the condition.

Findings:

  • The genetic basis of TSC involves mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 genes.
  • Ongoing research aims to elucidate the etiology and identify effective treatments for TSC.

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Purification of Tubulin with Controlled Posttranslational Modifications and Isotypes from Limited Sources by Polymerization-Depolymerization Cycles
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  • The case underscores the importance of recognizing TSC diagnostic criteria.
  • Implications:

    • TSC patients require symptomatic treatment alongside specialized educational support.
    • Regular follow-up by expert physicians is crucial for managing TSC.
    • Further research into TSC etiology and treatment is essential for improving patient outcomes.