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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)
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Activation and Conjugation of Soluble Polysaccharides using 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP)

Published on: June 14, 2021

Cytokine binding by polysaccharide-antibody conjugates.

Liang Tso Sun1, Kyle S Buchholz, Michael T Lotze

  • 1Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Novel protein-polysaccharide conjugates using cytokine-neutralizing antibodies show potential for localized treatment of inflammatory diseases. These antibody-drug conjugates maintain binding affinity for target cytokines, offering a new therapeutic delivery method.

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Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
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Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Bioconjugation Chemistry
  • Immunology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cytokine-neutralizing antibodies are crucial for treating inflammatory conditions.
  • Systemic delivery of these antibodies can lead to complications.
  • Developing localized delivery methods is essential for targeted therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore a novel class of protein-polysaccharide conjugates for localized delivery of anticytokine therapeutics.
  • To covalently modify monoclonal antibodies against interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α with high molecular weight polysaccharides.
  • To assess the binding activity and characteristics of these novel conjugates.

Main Methods:

  • Monoclonal antibodies against interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α were conjugated to hyaluronic acid and carboxymethylcellulose.
  • Purification of conjugates was performed using dialysis with a 300 kDa-cutoff membrane.
  • Binding affinity measurements and cell assays were used to characterize the conjugates' efficacy.

Main Results:

  • The protein-polysaccharide conjugates retained the ability to bind proinflammatory cytokines.
  • Binding affinities for the conjugates were in the pM range, with variations observed.
  • Dissociation time constants showed more variability than association constants, indicating potential stabilization/destabilization of the antibody-cytokine complex.

Conclusions:

  • Conjugation of cytokine-neutralizing antibodies to high molecular weight polymers is a viable strategy for localized therapeutic delivery.
  • This approach may mitigate complications associated with systemic administration of anticytokine therapies.
  • The developed conjugates represent a promising new avenue for treating inflammatory diseases.