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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Gastrulation01:56

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
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Subplate in the developing cortex of mouse and human.

Wei Zhi Wang1, Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen, Franziska M Oeschger

  • 1Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.

Journal of Anatomy
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human subplate development reveals distinct cell populations and gene expression patterns, differing from rodents. This complexity may influence vulnerability to hypoxia/ischaemia, aiding understanding of neuropathologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Human Cortical Development
  • Subplate Neuron Biology

Background:

  • The subplate is a transient zone crucial for cortical development, with distinct structural differences between rodents and humans.
  • Rodent subplate neurons are among the earliest neocortical cells, while human subplate neurons are added throughout neurogenesis.
  • Previous studies identified specific gene markers in rodent subplate, prompting investigation in the human brain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gene expression patterns of human subplate neurons.
  • To compare human subplate cell populations and gene expression with those found in rodents.
  • To explore the implications of human subplate complexity for neuropathological vulnerability.

Main Methods:

  • Histochemical analysis of human cortical tissue from 12-22 postconceptional weeks (PCW).
  • Examination of specific gene markers including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), nuclear receptor-related 1 (NURR1), α2zinc-binding globulin, Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/human fetuin, neuropeptide Y, and potassium/chloride co-transporter (KCC2).
  • Comparison of findings with existing rodent microarray data.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct populations of CTGF-positive and NURR1-positive neurons in the human subplate.
  • Demonstrated expression of plasma protein genes (α2zinc-binding globulin, human fetuin) in the human subplate, similar to rodents.
  • Observed differential localization of neuropeptide Y (superficial) and KCC2-positive neurons (deep) in the human subplate, suggesting compartmentalization.

Conclusions:

  • The human subplate shares gene expression similarities with rodents but exhibits greater compartmentalization into superficial and deep layers.
  • These findings suggest distinct cell populations and a more complex structure in the human subplate compared to rodents.
  • The increased complexity may underlie differential vulnerability to insults like hypoxia/ischaemia, offering insights into neuropathologies.