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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Genomic imprinting in diabetes.

Braxton D Mitchell¹, Toni I Pollin

¹Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland, 6601 West Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. bmitchel@medicine.umaryland.edu.

Genome Medicine

|August 24, 2010

Summary

Genomic imprinting, where only one parent's gene copy is active, influences development. Its role in complex diseases like diabetes, especially 6q24-related neonatal diabetes, is increasingly recognized.

Area of Science:

Genetics
Epigenetics
Developmental Biology

Background:

Genomic imprinting regulates gene expression based on parental origin.
Epigenetic modifications silence one allele of imprinted genes.
The role of imprinting in complex disorders is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize current understanding of genomic imprinting's role in diabetes.
To highlight chromosome 6q24-related transient neonatal diabetes mellitus as a key example.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on genomic imprinting and diabetes.
Focus on imprinted genetic disorders leading to diabetes.

Main Results:

Genomic imprinting is crucial for regulating growth and development.

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Published on: December 21, 2016

Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus linked to chromosome 6q24 is a well-characterized imprinted disorder.

Conclusions:

Genomic imprinting plays a significant role in certain types of diabetes.
Further research is needed to understand imprinting's broader contribution to complex diseases.