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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...

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Assessment of Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells
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Mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics and apoptosis.

Clare Sheridan1, Seamus J Martin

  • 1Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Mitochondrion
|August 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondrial fragmentation is not essential for apoptosis-associated cytochrome c release, though Bcl-2 proteins regulate mitochondrial dynamics independently of apoptosis.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are crucial in apoptosis, releasing cytochrome c.
  • Mitochondrial networks fragment during apoptosis, but its necessity is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role of mitochondrial fragmentation in apoptosis-associated cytochrome c release.
  • To explore the function of Bcl-2 family members in mitochondrial dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis.
  • Analysis of the role of Bcl-2 family proteins in mitochondrial fission and fusion.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests mitochondrial fission is not critical for cytochrome c release.

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A Faster, High Resolution, mtPA-GFP-based Mitochondrial Fusion Assay Acquiring Kinetic Data of Multiple Cells in Parallel Using Confocal Microscopy
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  • Bcl-2 family members regulate mitochondrial dynamics independently of apoptosis.

    • Conclusions:

    • Mitochondrial fragmentation is not a prerequisite for apoptosis-associated cytochrome c release.
    • Bcl-2 proteins have a distinct role in controlling mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics.