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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...

The Spinal Cord

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Establishment of Central Cord Syndrome Model in C57BL/6J Mouse

Establishment of Central Cord Syndrome Model in C57BL/6J Mouse

Published on: September 8, 2023

Feline spinal cord diseases.

Katia Marioni-Henry¹

¹Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, 6 Forest Corner Farm, Ringwood, Hampshire, BH24 3JW, England, UK. kmhvetneurology@yahoo.co.uk

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice

|August 25, 2010

Summary

Feline spinal cord diseases are most commonly inflammatory or infectious, with feline infectious peritonitis being a leading cause. Neoplasms, particularly lymphosarcoma, also significantly impact cats, often affecting younger animals.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Neurology
Feline Medicine
Comparative Pathology

Background:

Spinal cord diseases in cats present diagnostic and prognostic challenges.
Understanding common feline myelopathies is crucial for effective veterinary care.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent literature on common feline spinal cord diseases.
To provide insights for diagnosing and managing feline spinal conditions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of feline spinal cord diseases.
Analysis of disease prevalence, affected age groups, and clinical presentations.

Main Results:

Inflammatory/infectious diseases, especially feline infectious peritonitis (approx. 50% of myelitis cases), are most common.
Neoplasms account for ~25% of cases, with lymphosarcoma being prevalent (28-40%) and affecting younger cats (median 4 years).
Intervertebral disc disease (median age 8 years) and fibrocartilaginous embolism (median age 10 years) are also significant findings.

Conclusions:

Feline infectious peritonitis and lymphosarcoma are key differential diagnoses for feline myelopathy.
Age and clinical signs aid in differentiating between spinal conditions like disc disease, neoplasms, and embolism.