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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation
09:53

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

Published on: October 30, 2012

Berkeley extreme-ultraviolet airglow rocket spectrometer: BEARS.

D M Cotton, S Chakrabarti

    Applied Optics
    |August 25, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Berkeley extreme-UV airglow rocket spectrometer simultaneously measured Earth's dayglow and solar extreme-UV spectrum. This instrument advanced thermospheric remote-sensing concepts using advanced spectrometers and detectors.

    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Physics
    • Space Physics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • The thermosphere is a critical region for understanding Earth's atmospheric interactions with space.
    • Remote-sensing techniques are vital for studying atmospheric composition and dynamics from a distance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test thermospheric remote-sensing concepts.
    • To simultaneously measure terrestrial dayglow and solar extreme-UV spectrum.
    • To validate instrument performance in space.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a payload with two Rowland mount spectrometers and a Lyman-alpha photometer.
    • Spectrometers covered far-UV (980-1040 A) and extreme-UV (1300-1360 A) dayglow, and solar spectrum (250-1150 A).
    • Employed a microchannel-plate-intensified, 2D imaging detector for spectral accumulation.

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    Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)
    11:04

    Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

    Published on: May 3, 2011

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

    Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation
    09:53

    Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

    Published on: October 30, 2012

    Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)
    11:04

    Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

    Published on: May 3, 2011

    Main Results:

    • Successfully measured terrestrial O I far-UV and extreme-UV dayglow.
    • Simultaneously captured the solar extreme-UV spectrum.
    • Monitored solar Lyman-alpha irradiance and geocoronal emissions.

    Conclusions:

    • The Berkeley extreme-UV airglow rocket spectrometer successfully demonstrated its capability for simultaneous atmospheric and solar spectral measurements.
    • The instrument's design and performance validated key thermospheric remote-sensing concepts.
    • The collected data provide valuable insights into the Earth's upper atmosphere and solar activity.