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Related Concept Videos

Measuring Reaction Rates03:09

Measuring Reaction Rates

Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical field in...
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Mohr's Circle for Moments of Inertia: Problem Solving01:14

Mohr's Circle for Moments of Inertia: Problem Solving

Mohr's circle is a graphical method for determining an area's principal moments by plotting the moments and product of inertia on a rectangular coordinate system. This circle can also be used to calculate the orientation of the principal axes.
Consider a rectangular beam. The moments of inertia of the beam about the x and y axis are 2.5(107) mm4 and 7.5(107) mm4, respectively. The product of inertia is 1.5(107) mm4. Determine the principal moments of inertia and the orientation of the major and...
Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II01:19

Routh-Hurwitz Criterion II

In the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion, two specific scenarios can arise that complicate stability analysis.
The first scenario occurs when a singular zero appears in the first column of the Routh table. This situation creates a division by zero issues. To resolve this, a small positive or negative number, denoted as epsilon (∈), is substituted for the zero. The stability analysis proceeds by assuming a sign for ∈. If ∈ is positive, any sign change in the first column of the Routh...
Polar Coordinate System01:30

Polar Coordinate System

The polar coordinate system provides a natural way to describe points in the plane when distances and directions are more meaningful than horizontal and vertical displacements. It is especially useful for modeling non-rectangular regions such as circles and spirals, where symmetry about a center point is easier to express than it is in a rectangular grid. A familiar example is a ship’s plan position indicator, which marks detected targets as dots positioned relative to the ship at the display’s...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy
08:49

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Published on: December 1, 2023

Mueller matrix dual-rotating retarder polarimeter.

D H Goldstein

    Applied Optics
    |August 25, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a computer-controlled polarimeter for analyzing optical materials. It measures polarization properties and can determine fundamental electro- and magneto-optical properties.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Condensed Matter Physics

    Background:

    • Accurate characterization of optical materials is crucial for developing advanced optical systems.
    • Understanding bulk material properties requires precise control and measurement of light polarization states.
    • Existing methods may lack the versatility to extract a wide range of material parameters.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe a novel computer-controlled Mueller matrix polarimeter.
    • To demonstrate the capability of extracting bulk optical properties, including diattenuation, retardance, and depolarization.
    • To enable the determination of fundamental electro- and magneto-optical properties from measured Mueller matrices.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a dual rotating retarder Mueller matrix polarimeter for automated measurements.

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    Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

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    Last Updated: Jun 9, 2026

    Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy
    08:49

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    Published on: December 1, 2023

    In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence
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    In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence

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    Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

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  • Precisely controlling input polarization states and measuring output polarization states.
  • Analyzing the obtained Mueller matrices to extract various polarization and material properties.

    • Main Results:

    • The developed polarimeter successfully obtains Mueller matrices for optical samples.
    • Key polarization properties such as diattenuation, retardance, and depolarization are extracted.
    • The system shows potential for determining electro- and magneto-optical tensor coefficients.

    Conclusions:

    • The described computer-controlled Mueller matrix polarimeter is a versatile tool for optical material characterization.
    • The instrument facilitates the extraction of both polarization-dependent and fundamental electro-/magneto-optical properties.
    • This technology advances the study of optical materials in the 3- to 12-microm spectral region.