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Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure
Published on: January 18, 2021
Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a systematic review of process-and-outcome studies
Katharina Meyerbröker1, Paul M G Emmelkamp
1Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. K.Meyerbroker@uva.nl
Abstract:
In recent years, virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) has become an interesting alternative for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Research has focused on the efficacy of VRET in treating anxiety disorders: phobias, panic disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. In this systematic review, strict methodological criteria are used to give an overview of the controlled trials regarding the efficacy of VRET in patients with anxiety disorders. Furthermore, research into process variables such as the therapeutic alliance and cognitions and enhancement of therapy effects through cognitive enhancers is discussed. The implications for implementation into clinical practice are considered.
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