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Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

[Botulinum toxin type A in patients with overactive bladder].

G G Krivoborodov, A V Vasil'ev, D V Shumilo

    Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999)
    |August 26, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Botulinum toxin type A injections effectively treated refractory overactive bladder in most patients. This safe treatment provided symptom relief for at least six months in idiopathic detrusor overactivity and overactive bladder without DO.

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    Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

    Published on: November 9, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Urology
    • Pharmacology

    Context:

    • Refractory overactive bladder (OAB) poses significant challenges in management.
    • Anticholinergic medications are often the first-line treatment but can have limited efficacy or tolerability.
    • Intradetrusor injections offer a potential alternative therapeutic approach.

    Purpose:

    • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intradetrusor injections of 100 units of botulinum toxin type A.
    • To assess treatment outcomes in patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity (DO), neurogenic DO, and overactive bladder without DO.

    Summary:

    • A study involving 26 patients with refractory OAB investigated intradetrusor botulinum toxin type A injections.
    • Patients received 100 units of botulinum toxin type A injected into the detrusor muscle.
    • Clinical and urodynamic assessments were conducted pre-treatment and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-injection.

    Impact:

    • Idiopathic DO and OAB without DO patients experienced sustained symptom improvement (frequency, urgency, nocturia, incontinence) for at least six months.
    • Neurogenic DO patients showed symptom improvement for approximately one month.
    • No cases of acute urinary retention or significant residual urine were reported, indicating a favorable safety profile.